The {logitr} package requires that data be structured in a
data.frame
and arranged in a “long” format [@Wickham2014] where each row contains data on a
single alternative from a choice observation. The choice observations do
not have to be symmetric, meaning they can have a “ragged” structure
where different choice observations have different numbers of
alternatives. The data must also include variables for each of the
following:
1
is chosen, 0
is not chosen). Only one alternative should have a 1
per
choice observation.obsID
variable would be
1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3
.The “Data Formatting and Encoding” vignette has more details about the required data format.
Models are specified and estimated using the logitr()
function. The data
argument should be set to the data frame
containing the data, and the outcome
and obsID
arguments should be set to the column names in the data frame that
correspond to the dummy-coded outcome (choice) variable and the
observation ID variable, respectively. All variables to be used as model
covariates should be provided as a vector of column names to the
pars
argument. Each variable in the vector is additively
included as a covariate in the utility model, with the interpretation
that they represent utilities in preference space models and WTPs in a
WTP space model.
For example, consider a preference space model where the utility for yogurt is given by the following utility model:
where pj is
price
, xj1 is
feat
, and xj2 − 4 are
dummy-coded variables for each brand
(with the fourth brand
representing the reference level). This model can be estimated using the
logitr()
function as follows:
library("logitr")
mnl_pref <- logitr(
data = yogurt,
outcome = "choice",
obsID = "obsID",
pars = c("price", "feat", "brand")
)
The equivalent model in the WTP space is given by the following utility model:
To specify this model, simply move "price"
from the
pars
argument to the scalePar
argument:
mnl_wtp <- logitr(
data = yogurt,
outcome = "choice",
obsID = "obsID",
pars = c("feat", "brand"),
scalePar = "price"
)
In the above model, the variables in pars
are marginal
WTPs, whereas in the preference space model they are marginal utilities.
Price is separately specified with the scalePar
argument
because it acts as a scaling term in WTP space models. While price is
the most typical scaling variable, other continuous variables can also
be used, such as time.
Interactions between covariates can be entered in the
pars
vector separated by the *
symbol. For
example, an interaction between price
with
feat
in a preference space model could be included by
specifying
pars = c("price", "feat", "brand", "price*feat")
, or even
more concisely just pars = c("price*feat", "brand")
as the
interaction between price
and feat
will
produce individual parameters for price
and
feat
in addition to the interaction parameter.
Both of these examples are multinomial logit models with fixed parameters. See the “Estimating Multinomial Logit Models” vignette for more details.
Since WTP space models are non-linear and have non-convex
log-likelihood functions, it is recommended to use a multi-start search
to run the optimization loop multiple times to search for different
local minima. This is implemented using the numMultiStarts
argument, e.g.:
mnl_wtp <- logitr(
data = yogurt,
outcome = "choice",
obsID = "obsID",
pars = c("feat", "brand"),
scalePar = "price",
numMultiStarts = 10
)
The multi-start is parallelized by default for faster estimation, and
the number of cores to use can be manually set using the
numCores
argument. If numCores
is not provide,
then the number of cores is set to
parallel::detectCores() - 1
. For models with larger data
sets, you may need to set numCores = 1
to avoid memory
overflow issues.
See the “Estimating Mixed Logit Models” vignette for more details.
To estimate a mixed logit model, use the randPars
argument in the logitr()
function to denote which
parameters will be modeled with a distribution. The current package
version supports normal ("n"
), log-normal
("ln"
), and zero-censored normal ("cn"
)
distributions.
For example, assume the observed utility for yogurts was vj = αpj + β1xj1 + β2xj2 + β3xj3 + β4xj4,
where pj
is price
, xj1 is
feat
, and xj2 − 4 are
dummy-coded variables for brand
. To model feat
as well as each of the brands as normally-distributed, set
randPars = c(feat = "n", brand = "n")
:
mxl_pref <- logitr(
data = yogurt,
outcome = 'choice',
obsID = 'obsID',
pars = c('price', 'feat', 'brand'),
randPars = c(feat = 'n', brand = 'n'),
numMultiStarts = 10
)
Since mixed logit models also have non-convex log-likelihood functions, it is recommended to use a multi-start search to run the optimization loop multiple times to search for different local minima.
See the “Summarizing Results” vignette for more details.
Use the summary()
function to print a summary of the
results from an estimated model, e.g.
summary(mnl_pref)
#> =================================================
#>
#> Model estimated on: Sun Dec 01 07:43:24 AM 2024
#>
#> Using logitr version: 1.1.2
#>
#> Call:
#> logitr(data = yogurt, outcome = "choice", obsID = "obsID", pars = c("price",
#> "feat", "brand"))
#>
#> Frequencies of alternatives:
#> 1 2 3 4
#> 0.402156 0.029436 0.229270 0.339138
#>
#> Exit Status: 3, Optimization stopped because ftol_rel or ftol_abs was reached.
#>
#> Model Type: Multinomial Logit
#> Model Space: Preference
#> Model Run: 1 of 1
#> Iterations: 21
#> Elapsed Time: 0h:0m:0.03s
#> Algorithm: NLOPT_LD_LBFGS
#> Weights Used?: FALSE
#> Robust? FALSE
#>
#> Model Coefficients:
#> Estimate Std. Error z-value Pr(>|z|)
#> price -0.366555 0.024365 -15.0441 < 2.2e-16 ***
#> feat 0.491439 0.120062 4.0932 4.254e-05 ***
#> brandhiland -3.715477 0.145417 -25.5506 < 2.2e-16 ***
#> brandweight -0.641138 0.054498 -11.7645 < 2.2e-16 ***
#> brandyoplait 0.734519 0.080642 9.1084 < 2.2e-16 ***
#> ---
#> Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
#>
#> Log-Likelihood: -2656.8878790
#> Null Log-Likelihood: -3343.7419990
#> AIC: 5323.7757580
#> BIC: 5352.7168000
#> McFadden R2: 0.2054148
#> Adj McFadden R2: 0.2039195
#> Number of Observations: 2412.0000000
Use statusCodes()
to print a description of each status
code from the nloptr
optimization routine.
You can also extract other values of interest at the solution, such as:
The estimated coefficients
coef(mnl_pref)
#> price feat brandhiland brandweight brandyoplait
#> -0.3665546 0.4914392 -3.7154773 -0.6411384 0.7345195
The coefficient standard errors
se(mnl_pref)
#> price feat brandhiland brandweight brandyoplait
#> 0.02436526 0.12006175 0.14541671 0.05449794 0.08064229
The log-likelihood
The variance-covariance matrix
vcov(mnl_pref)
#> price feat brandhiland brandweight
#> price 0.0005936657 5.729619e-04 0.001851795 1.249988e-04
#> feat 0.0005729619 1.441482e-02 0.000855011 5.092011e-06
#> brandhiland 0.0018517954 8.550110e-04 0.021146019 1.490080e-03
#> brandweight 0.0001249988 5.092011e-06 0.001490080 2.970026e-03
#> brandyoplait -0.0015377721 -1.821331e-03 -0.003681036 7.779427e-04
#> brandyoplait
#> price -0.0015377721
#> feat -0.0018213311
#> brandhiland -0.0036810363
#> brandweight 0.0007779427
#> brandyoplait 0.0065031782
For models in the preference space, a summary table of the computed
WTP based on the estimated preference space parameters can be obtained
with the wtp()
function. For example, the computed WTP from
the previously estimated fixed parameter model can be obtained with the
following command:
wtp(mnl_pref, scalePar = "price")
#> Estimate Std. Error z-value Pr(>|z|)
#> scalePar 0.366555 0.024334 15.0634 < 2.2e-16 ***
#> feat 1.340699 0.359493 3.7294 0.0001919 ***
#> brandhiland -10.136219 0.583189 -17.3807 < 2.2e-16 ***
#> brandweight -1.749094 0.180742 -9.6773 < 2.2e-16 ***
#> brandyoplait 2.003848 0.143302 13.9834 < 2.2e-16 ***
#> ---
#> Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
The wtp()
function divides the non-price parameters by
the negative of the scalePar
parameter (usually “price”).
Standard errors are estimated using the Krinsky and Robb parametric
bootstrapping method [@Krinsky1986].
Similarly, the wtpCompare()
function can be used to compare
the WTP from a WTP space model with that computed from an equivalent
preference space model:
wtpCompare(mnl_pref, mnl_wtp, scalePar = "price")
#> pref wtp difference
#> scalePar 0.3665546 0.3665832 0.00002867
#> feat 1.3406987 1.3405927 -0.00010600
#> brandhiland -10.1362190 -10.1357636 0.00045542
#> brandweight -1.7490940 -1.7490826 0.00001133
#> brandyoplait 2.0038476 2.0038208 -0.00002687
#> logLik -2656.8878790 -2656.8878779 0.00000106
Estimated models can be used to predict probabilities and outcomes
for a set (or multiple sets) of alternatives based on an estimated
model. As an example, consider predicting probabilities for two of the
choice observations from the yogurt
dataset:
data <- subset(
yogurt, obsID %in% c(42, 13),
select = c('obsID', 'alt', 'choice', 'price', 'feat', 'brand')
)
data
#> obsID alt choice price feat brand
#> 49 13 1 0 8.1 0 dannon
#> 50 13 2 0 5.0 0 hiland
#> 51 13 3 1 8.6 0 weight
#> 52 13 4 0 10.8 0 yoplait
#> 165 42 1 1 6.3 0 dannon
#> 166 42 2 0 6.1 1 hiland
#> 167 42 3 0 7.9 0 weight
#> 168 42 4 0 11.5 0 yoplait
In the example below, the probabilities for these two sets of
alternatives are computed using the fixed parameter
mnl_pref
model using the predict()
method:
probs <- predict(
mnl_pref,
newdata = data,
obsID = "obsID",
ci = 0.95
)
probs
#> obsID predicted_prob predicted_prob_lower predicted_prob_upper
#> 49 13 0.43685145 0.41558433 0.45803991
#> 50 13 0.03312986 0.02610546 0.04162304
#> 51 13 0.19155548 0.17639021 0.20760299
#> 52 13 0.33846321 0.31859006 0.35873255
#> 165 42 0.60764778 0.57324189 0.63996074
#> 166 42 0.02602007 0.01838829 0.03682020
#> 167 42 0.17803313 0.16236636 0.19484265
#> 168 42 0.18829902 0.16841309 0.20968417
The resulting probs
data frame contains the expected
probabilities for each alternative. The lower and upper predictions
reflect a 95% confidence interval (controlled by the ci
argument), which are estimated using the Krinsky and Robb parametric
bootstrapping method [@Krinsky1986]. The
default is ci = NULL
, in which case no CI predictions are
made.
WTP space models can also be used to predict probabilities:
probs <- predict(
mnl_wtp,
newdata = data,
obsID = "obsID",
ci = 0.95
)
probs
#> obsID predicted_prob predicted_prob_lower predicted_prob_upper
#> 49 13 0.43686141 0.41571614 0.45778240
#> 50 13 0.03312947 0.02659525 0.04218059
#> 51 13 0.19154829 0.17590970 0.20755853
#> 52 13 0.33846083 0.31834846 0.35851161
#> 165 42 0.60767120 0.57331673 0.64040558
#> 166 42 0.02601800 0.01839285 0.03656816
#> 167 42 0.17802364 0.16171334 0.19449917
#> 168 42 0.18828717 0.16746372 0.20807353
You can also use the predict()
method to predict
outcomes by setting type = "outcome"
(the default value is
"prob"
for predicting probabilities). If no new data are
provided for newdata
, then outcomes will be predicted for
every alternative in the original data used to estimate the model. In
the example below the returnData
argument is also set to
TRUE
so that the predicted outcomes can be compared to the
actual ones.
outcomes <- predict(
mnl_pref,
type = "outcome",
returnData = TRUE
)
head(outcomes[c('obsID', 'choice', 'predicted_outcome')])
#> obsID choice predicted_outcome
#> 1 1 0 1
#> 2 1 0 0
#> 3 1 1 0
#> 4 1 0 0
#> 5 2 1 1
#> 6 2 0 0
You can quickly compute the accuracy by dividing the number of correctly predicted choices by the total number of choices:
chosen <- subset(outcomes, choice == 1)
chosen$correct <- chosen$choice == chosen$predicted_outcome
sum(chosen$correct) / nrow(chosen)
#> [1] 0.3843284
See the “Predicting Probabilities and Choices from Estimated Models” vignette for more details about making predictions.